The Summary Paper Joseph Conrad’s The Heart of Darkness Essay Example

The Summary Paper: Joseph Conrad’s The Heart of Darkness Essay There are different communities and different cultures on the Earth. Yet all of them consist of the same entities – human beings. Joseph Conrad’s The Heart of Darkness proves the point that respect for other cultures helps to keep the human self in the alien surroundings. Modern critical responses to the book show how valuable it is even nowadays, when the world seems to be more humanistic than in the 19th century. The story is called the â€Å"longest journey into self†, â€Å"a sensitive and vivid travelogue†, and â€Å"an angry document on absurd and brutal exploitation† (Guerard, 1987, p. 5).I will try to prove the points stated above by analysing the attitudes, which the characters of the story demonstrated to the other culture. I want to comment specifically on Marlow’s reasons to start for Africa; on the significance of â€Å"darkness† in the story; and of Conrad’s perceptions of colonization. I argue that in The Heart Of Darkness we are taught that violating people and cultures, which are different to ours, may seriously damage a human soul.Marlow seems to travel to Africa for several reasons. First, he made his child dream alive with admiration of â€Å"all the glories of exploration† (Conrad, 1946, p. 52) and â€Å"many blank spaces on the earth† (ibid.). Significant is his fascination with â€Å"a mighty big river†, on the African map, which resembled in his mind of â€Å"an immense snake uncoiled, with its head in the sea, its body at rest curving afar over a vast country, and its tail lost in the depths of the land† (ibid.). Marlow recalled that this snake-like river mesmerized him as if he was a bird.In the beginning of the narration, it is obscure why Marlow, first, refers to Africa among the places unexplored as delightful, and then, suddenly, speaks about â€Å"a place of darkness† (ibid.). One critic assumed that Africa â€Å"functions in the novel as a ‘foil’ for Europe, constituting a negative, blank space onto which is projected all that Europe does not want to see in itself, everything that is abhorrent and abject† (Brown, 2000, pg. 2). In our minds, snake symbolizes danger and seduction. It seems that the image of mysterious continent seduced Marlow into â€Å"the night journey into the unconscious, and confrontation of an entity within the self† (Guerard, 1987, p. 9).Marlow was not a businessman to get ivory at the Belgian trade stations. He was a sailor of peculiar sort, â€Å"a seaman, but he was a wanderer, too† (Conrad, 1946, p. 48). Marlow refers to the black continent as â€Å"the farthest point of navigation and the culminating point of my experience† (Conrad, 1946, p. 51). To him the desire to reach the river, which he has been dreaming about since the childhood, was somehow unreasonable. â€Å"I must get there by hook or by crook† (Conrad, 1946, p. 53), he explained to the listeners of his story about Mr. Kurtz.From the very beginning, the narrator underlines a strange uneasiness about the travelling obsession, as if â€Å"instead of going to the centre of a continent, I were about to set off for the centre of the earth† (Conrad, 1946, p. 60). The atmosphere of mystery and bad expectations is created by the author through the striking contrasts of dark and light, which are described in details by Marlow.At first thought, a reader thinks of the juxtaposition as natural distinction between England, where â€Å"the water shone pacifically; the sky, without a speck, was a benign immensity of unstained light; the very mist on the Essex marshes was like a gauzy and radiant fabric† (Conrad, 1946, p. 46); and Africa with â€Å"colossal jungle, so dark-green as to be almost black, fringed with white surf† (Conrad, 1946, p. 60). As Guerard puts it, â€Å"the introspective voyager leaves his familiar rational world† (1987, p. 10), where everything is seen through the light lens. On the contrast, African river, the former fairy-tale snake, turns into the â€Å"streams of death in life, whose banks were rotting into mud, whose waters, thickened into slime, invaded the contorted mangroves, that seemed to writhe at us in the extremity of an impotent despair† (Conrad, 1946, p. 62). Guerard on the point of death references states, â€Å"And even Kurtz, shadow and symbol though he be, [†¦] is sharply visualized, an ‘animated image of death,’ a skull and body emerging as from a winding sheet, ‘the cage of his ribs all astir, the bones of his arm waving’† (1987, p. 14), proceeding with the remark, â€Å"This is Africa and its flabby inhabitants† (ibid.). Thus, a negative conceptualization of Africa as a dark, mysterious and perilous place is evident here. There white men become shadows of death and repulsive in their change.Besides scenery-based references to dark a nd light, there is another important realm where this contrast plays a significant role. That is the relationships of different races on the African continent. Marlow stresses that he is â€Å"not particularly tender† (Conrad, 1946, p. 65). Yet this mature and harsh man is beyond himself with bewilderment, sorrow, disgust and even terror at watching how hard native people were exploited by Belgian colonizers. The scene when he arrives at the trade station and meets the party of chained black starving ragged creatures doing unbearably hard work is striking. He speaks of devils there, comparing â€Å"the devil of violence, and the devil of greed, and the devil of hot desire† (Conrad, 1946, p. 65) to â€Å"a flabby, pretending, weak-eyed devil of a rapacious and pitiless folly† (Conrad, 1946, p. 65), evidently meaning colonization.The key to the understanding of genuine yet implicit motives the author held in mind when contrasting dark and light is Marlow’s reference to England as â€Å"one of the dark places of the earth† (Conrad, 1946, p. 48). He proved his point by reconstructing the behavior of the Romans during the colonization of the British Isles. However, Marlow does not call them colonizers. Neither does he give such name to the Belgian pilgrims in Africa, which means that he â€Å"establishes certain political values† (Guerard, 1987, p. 14). Brown assumes that â€Å"in Marlows account of his journey [†¦] there can be observed an obscure vacillation between the horror as an effect of colonial intervention and the location of the horrors cause as the environment itself† (2000, pg. 6). The negative attitude to colonization, therefore, is implicit in the story, when â€Å"colonial intervention [†¦] loses its possible critical edge by remaining an account merely of atrocious things happening in the colonies. This contrasts to the perversion of the Wests self-image†, as Brown proves (2000, pg. 6).Africa became a suitable territory for â€Å"the devotion to efficiency† (Conrad, 1946, p. 50) with its rich natural resources. There any man of white skin was regarded as â€Å"an emissary of light† (Conrad, 1946, p. 50) regardless of his personal qualities. And native people were seen as black ants in the fierce sun whose destiny was to carry loads and do dirty job. The living symbol of darkness in its specific sense which Conrad creates in the story is Mr. Kurtz, the most successful trading agent of the Company. Marlow is sent to pick him up from the farthest station with his loot of ivory. It appears that speaking about â€Å"heart of darkness† (Conrad, 1946, p. 95), Marlow did not mean the dark tint of African rivers or the dark color of the bush. Instead, he spoke about â€Å"the triumphant darkness† (Conrad, 1946, p. 159) of a white ruthless colonizer like Mr. Kurtz.In the end, Marlow recalls â€Å"the colossal scale of [Kurtz’s] vile de sires, the meanness, the torment, the tempestuous anguish of his soul† (Conrad, 1946, p. 156). A poor man who was unable to marry the woman he loved, Kurtz became a successful trader who served at his best for the Company but never forgot his own promotion. In his strive to be an honoured member of the high and prosperous society, Kurtz stomped over all human virtues of respect, morals, servitude and humanism. The dry heads, which surrounded his last camp in the African wilderness, symbolize the dryness of his human nature. Kurtz was a gifted and charismatic leader. However, he embodies the â€Å"triumph for the wilderness, an invading and vengeful rush† (Conrad, 1946, p. 156). Marlow refers to him as a â€Å"soul satiated with primitive emotions, avid of lying fame, of sham distinction, of all the appearances of success and power† (Conrad, 1946, p. 147).My Intended, my ivory, my station, my river, my everything belonged to him. It made me hold my breath in expec tation of hearing the wilderness burst into a prodigious peal of laughter that would shake the fixed stars in their places. Everything belonged to himbut that was a trifle. The thing was to know what he belonged to, how many powers of darkness claimed him for their own. (Conrad, 1946, p. 116)â€Å"Marlows temptation is made concrete through his exposure to Kurtz, a white man and sometime idealist who had fully responded to the wilderness: a potential and fallen self†, Guerard assumes (1987, p. 9). Marlow calls Kurtz devil because no human being is allowed to be so atrocious and reckless in his desire to suppress people who are different than he, a white dominant male. His blindness to diversity – of cultures or human values – drives him to death and creates the atmosphere of darkness dominating.The idea of dominance is criticized by Marlow and Conrad as the author:The conquest of the earth, which mostly means the taking it away from those who have a different co mplexion or slightly flatter noses than ourselves, is not a pretty thing when you look into it too much. (Conrad, 1946, p. 50-1)Now we can recall once again the discourse about the Romans colonizing the Britons. Then, Marlow spoke of the warriors amidst the alien tribes who spoke different language, awful climate and etc. â€Å"They were men enough to face the darkness†, he admits almost admiringly (Conrad, 1946, p. 49), meaning that they faced difficulties and performed their duties well. However, closer to the end of the story the narrator seemed to be more indignant with â€Å"the seed of commonwealths, the germs of empires† (Conrad, 1946, p. 47). Those germs, which remind us of some contagious disease, makes one man suppress the other, who is no less unique or significant. The detailed depictions of starving natives aim at teaching the lesson of tolerance and acknowledging the diversity. Kurtz, a white colonizer, in his obsession with power, appears to be more barb arous than the people he suppressed. Though energetic and charismatic, Kuntz dies as well as the idea of colonization in the modern world. This proves the initial argument about ominous results cultural and human violation brings to human soul and body. The Summary Paper Joseph Conrad’s The Heart of Darkness Essay Example The Summary Paper: Joseph Conrad’s The Heart of Darkness Paper There are different communities and different cultures on the Earth. Yet all of them consist of the same entities – human beings. Joseph Conrad’s The Heart of Darkness proves the point that respect for other cultures helps to keep the human self in the alien surroundings. Modern critical responses to the book show how valuable it is even nowadays, when the world seems to be more humanistic than in the 19th century. The story is called the â€Å"longest journey into self†, â€Å"a sensitive and vivid travelogue†, and â€Å"an angry document on absurd and brutal exploitation† (Guerard, 1987, p. 5). I will try to prove the points stated above by analysing the attitudes, which the characters of the story demonstrated to the other culture. I want to comment specifically on Marlow’s reasons to start for Africa; on the significance of â€Å"darkness† in the story; and of Conrad’s perceptions of colonization. I argue that in The Heart Of Darkness we are taught that violating people and cultures, which are different to ours, may seriously damage a human soul.Marlow seems to travel to Africa for several reasons. First, he made his child dream alive with admiration of â€Å"all the glories of exploration† (Conrad, 1946, p. 52) and â€Å"many blank spaces on the earth† (ibid.). Significant is his fascination with â€Å"a mighty big river†, on the African map, which resembled in his mind of â€Å"an immense snake uncoiled, with its head in the sea, its body at rest curving afar over a vast country, and its tail lost in the depths of the land† (ibid.). Marlow recalled that this snake-like river mesmerized him as if he was a bird.In the beginning of the narration, it is obscure why Marlow, first, refers to Africa among the places unexplored as delightful, and then, suddenly, speaks about â€Å"a place of darkness† (ibid.). We will write a custom essay sample on The Summary Paper: Joseph Conrad’s The Heart of Darkness specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Summary Paper: Joseph Conrad’s The Heart of Darkness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Summary Paper: Joseph Conrad’s The Heart of Darkness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One critic assumed that Africa â€Å"functions in the novel as a ‘foil’ for Europe, constituting a negative, blank space onto which is projected all that Europe does not want to see in itself, everything that is abhorrent and abject† (Brown, 2000, pg. 2). In our minds, snake symbolizes danger and seduction. It seems that the image of mysterious continent seduced Marlow into â€Å"the night journey into the unconscious, and confrontation of an entity within the self† (Guerard, 1987, p. 9).Marlow was not a businessman to get ivory at the Belgian trade stations. He was a sailor of peculiar sort, â€Å"a seaman, but he was a wanderer, too† (Conrad, 1946, p. 48). Marlow refers to the black continent as â€Å"the farthest point of navigation and the culminating point of my experience† (Conrad, 1946, p. 51). To him the desire to reach the river, which he has been dreaming about since the childhood, was somehow unreasonable. â€Å"I must get there by hook or by crook† (Conrad, 1946, p. 53), he explained to the listeners of his story about Mr. Kurtz.From the very beginning, the narrator underlines a strange uneasiness about the travelling obsession, as if â€Å"instead of going to the centre of a continent, I were about to set off for the centre of the earth† (Conrad, 1946, p. 60). The atmosphere of mystery and bad expectations is created by the author through the striking contrasts of dark and light, which are described in details by Marlow. At first thought, a reader thinks of the juxtaposition as natural distinction between England, where â€Å"the water shone pacifically; the sky, without a speck, was a benign immensity of unstained light; the very mist on the Essex marshes was like a gauzy and radiant fabric† (Conrad, 1946, p. 46); and Africa with â€Å"colossal jungle, so dark-green as to be almost black, fringed with white surf† (Conrad, 1946, p. 60). As Guerard puts it, â€Å"the introspective voyager leaves his familiar rational world† (1987, p. 10), where everything is seen through the light lens. On the contrast, African river, the former fairy-tale snake, turns into the â€Å"streams of death in life, whose banks were rotting into mud, whose waters, thickened into slime, invaded the contorted mangroves, that seemed to writhe at us in the extremity of an impotent despair† (Conrad, 1946, p. 62). Guerard on the point of death references states, â€Å"And even Kurtz, shadow and symbol though he be, [†¦] is sharply visualized, an ‘animated image of death,’ a skull and body emerging as from a winding sheet, ‘the cage of his ribs all astir, the bones of his arm waving’† (1987, p. 14), proceeding with the remark, â€Å"This is Africa and its flabby inhabitants† (ibid.). Thus, a negative conceptualization of Africa as a dark, mysterious and perilous place is evident here. There white men become shadows of death and repulsive in their change. Besides scenery-based references to dark and light, there is another important realm where this contrast plays a significant role. That is the relationships of different races on the African continent. Marlow stresses that he is â€Å"not particularly tender† (Conrad, 1946, p. 65). Yet this mature and harsh man is beyond himself with bewilderment, sorrow, disgust and even terror at watching how hard native people were exploited by Belgian colonizers. The scene when he arrives at the trade station and meets the party of chained black starving ragged creatures doing unbearably hard work is striking. He speaks of devils there, comparing â€Å"the devil of violence, and the devil of greed, and the devil of hot desire† (Conrad, 1946, p. 65) to â€Å"a flabby, pretending, weak-eyed devil of a rapacious and pitiless folly† (Conrad, 1946, p. 65), evidently meaning colonization.The key to the understanding of genuine yet implicit motives the author held in mind when contr asting dark and light is Marlow’s reference to England as â€Å"one of the dark places of the earth† (Conrad, 1946, p. 48). He proved his point by reconstructing the behavior of the Romans during the colonization of the British Isles. However, Marlow does not call them colonizers. Neither does he give such name to the Belgian pilgrims in Africa, which means that he â€Å"establishes certain political values† (Guerard, 1987, p. 14). Brown assumes that â€Å"in Marlows account of his journey [†¦] there can be observed an obscure vacillation between the horror as an effect of colonial intervention and the location of the horrors cause as the environment itself† (2000, pg. 6). The negative attitude to colonization, therefore, is implicit in the story, when â€Å"colonial intervention [†¦] loses its possible critical edge by remaining an account merely of atrocious things happening in the colonies. This contrasts to the perversion of the Wests self-image†, as Brown proves (2000, pg. 6). Africa became a suitable territory for â€Å"the devotion to efficiency† (Conrad, 1946, p. 50) with its rich natural resources. There any man of white skin was regarded as â€Å"an emissary of light† (Conrad, 1946, p. 50) regardless of his personal qualities. And native people were seen as black ants in the fierce sun whose destiny was to carry loads and do dirty job. The living symbol of darkness in its specific sense which Conrad creates in the story is Mr. Kurtz, the most successful trading agent of the Company. Marlow is sent to pick him up from the farthest station with his loot of ivory. It appears that speaking about â€Å"heart of darkness† (Conrad, 1946, p. 95), Marlow did not mean the dark tint of African rivers or the dark color of the bush. Instead, he spoke about â€Å"the triumphant darkness† (Conrad, 1946, p. 159) of a white ruthless colonizer like Mr. Kurtz.In the end, Marlow recalls â€Å"the colossal scale of [Kurtz’s] vile desire s, the meanness, the torment, the tempestuous anguish of his soul† (Conrad, 1946, p. 156). A poor man who was unable to marry the woman he loved, Kurtz became a successful trader who served at his best for the Company but never forgot his own promotion. In his strive to be an honoured member of the high and prosperous society, Kurtz stomped over all human virtues of respect, morals, servitude and humanism. The dry heads, which surrounded his last camp in the African wilderness, symbolize the dryness of his human nature. Kurtz was a gifted and charismatic leader. However, he embodies the â€Å"triumph for the wilderness, an invading and vengeful rush† (Conrad, 1946, p. 156). Marlow refers to him as a â€Å"soul satiated with primitive emotions, avid of lying fame, of sham distinction, of all the appearances of success and power† (Conrad, 1946, p. 147). My Intended, my ivory, my station, my river, my everything belonged to him. It made me hold my breath in expectation of hearing the wilderness burst into a prodigious peal of laughter that would shake the fixed stars in their places. Everything belonged to himbut that was a trifle. The thing was to know what he belonged to, how many powers of darkness claimed him for their own. (Conrad, 1946, p. 116)â€Å"Marlows temptation is made concrete through his exposure to Kurtz, a white man and sometime idealist who had fully responded to the wilderness: a potential and fallen self†, Guerard assumes (1987, p. 9). Marlow calls Kurtz devil because no human being is allowed to be so atrocious and reckless in his desire to suppress people who are different than he, a white dominant male. His blindness to diversity – of cultures or human values – drives him to death and creates the atmosphere of darkness dominating.The idea of dominance is criticized by Marlow and Conrad as t he author:The conquest of the earth, which mostly means the taking it away from those who have a different complexion or slightly flatter noses than ourselves, is not a pretty thing when you look into it too much. (Conrad, 1946, p. 50-1) Now we can recall once again the discourse about the Romans colonizing the Britons. Then, Marlow spoke of the warriors amidst the alien tribes who spoke different language, awful climate and etc. â€Å"They were men enough to face the darkness†, he admits almost admiringly (Conrad, 1946, p. 49), meaning that they faced difficulties and performed their duties well. However, closer to the end of the story the narrator seemed to be more indignant with â€Å"the seed of commonwealths, the germs of empires† (Conrad, 1946, p. 47). Those germs, which remind us of some contagious disease, makes one man suppress the other, who is no less unique or significant. The detailed depictions of starving natives aim at teaching the lesson of tolerance and acknowledging the diversity. Kurtz, a white colonizer, in his obsession with power, appears to be more barbarous than the people he suppressed. Though energetic and charismatic, Kuntz dies as well as the idea of colonization in the mode rn world. This proves the initial argument about ominous results cultural and human violation brings to human soul and body.

Biography of Spartacus, a Slave Who Led a Revolt

Biography of Spartacus, a Slave Who Led a Revolt Spartacus (approximately 100–71 BCE), was a gladiator from Thrace who led a major revolt against Rome. Little is known about this fighting slave from Thrace beyond his role in the spectacular revolt that became known as the Third Servile War (73–71 BCE). Sources agree, however, that Spartacus had once fought for Rome as a legionnaire and was enslaved and sold to become a gladiator. In 73 BCE, he and a group of fellow gladiators rioted and escaped. The 78 men who followed him swelled to an army of more than 70,000, which terrified the citizens of Rome as it plundered Italy from Rome to Thurii in present-day Calabria. Fast Facts: Spartacus Known For: Leading a slave revolt against the Roman governmentBorn: Exact date unknown but believed around 100 BCE in ThraceEducation: Gladiatorial school in Capua, north of NaplesDied: Believed in 71 BCE at Rhenium Early Life While little is known about Spartacuss early life, it is believed that he was born in Thrace (in the Balkans). It is likely that he actually served in the Roman Army, though it is unclear why he left. Spartacus, perhaps a captive of a Roman legion and perhaps a former auxiliary himself, was sold in 73 BCE into the service of Lentulus Batiates, a man who taught at a ludus for gladiators in Capua, 20 miles from Mount Vesuvius in Campania. Spartacus trained at the gladiatorial school in Capua. Spartacus the Gladiator In the same year that he was sold, Spartacus and two Gallic gladiators led a riot at the school. Of the 200 slaves at the ludus, 78 men escaped, using kitchen tools as weapons. In the streets, they found wagons of gladiatorial weapons and confiscated them. Now armed, they easily defeated the soldiers who tried stopping them. Stealing military-grade weapons, they set out south to Mount Vesuvius. Three Gallic slaves- Crixus, Oenomaus, and Castus- became, along with Spartacus, the leaders of the band. Seizing a defensive position in the mountains near Vesuvius, they attracted thousands of slaves from the countryside- 70,000 men, with another 50,000 women and children in tow. Early Success The slave rebellion happened at a moment when Romes legions were abroad. Her greatest generals, the consuls Lucius Licinius Lucullus and Marcus Aurelius Cotta, were attending to the subjugation of the Eastern kingdom of Bithynia, a recent addition to the republic. The raids carried out in the Campanian countryside by Spartacus men fell to local officials to mediate. These praetors, including Gaius Claudius Glaber and Publius Varinius, underestimated the training and ingenuity of the slave fighters. Glaber thought he could lay siege to the slave redoubt at Vesuvius, but the slaves dramatically rappelled down the mountainside with ropes fashioned from vines, outflanked Glabers force, and destroyed it. By the winter of 72 BCE, the successes of the slave army alarmed Rome to the degree that consular armies were raised to deal with the threat. Crassus Assumes Control Marcus Licinius Crassus was elected praetor and headed to Picenum to put an end to the Spartacan revolt with 10 legions, some 32,000 to 48,000 trained Roman fighters, plus auxiliary units. Crassus correctly assumed the slaves would head north to the Alps and positioned most of his men to block this escape. Meanwhile, he sent his lieutenant Mummius and two new legions south to pressure the slaves to move north. Mummius had been explicitly instructed not to fight a pitched battle. He had ideas of his own, however, and when he engaged the slaves in battle, he suffered defeat. Spartacus routed Mummius and his legions. They lost not only men and their arms, but later, when they returned to their commander, the survivors suffered the ultimate Roman military punishment- decimation, by order of Crassus. The men were divided into groups of 10 and then drew lots. The unlucky one in 10 was then killed. Meanwhile, Spartacus turned around and headed toward Sicily, planning to escape on pirate ships, not knowing that the pirates had already sailed away. At the Isthmus of Bruttium, Crassus built a wall to block Spartacus escape. When the slaves tried to break through, the Romans fought back and killed about 12,000 of the slaves. Death Spartacus learned that Crassus troops were to be reinforced by another Roman army under Pompey, brought back from Spain. In desperation, he and his slaves fled north, with Crassus at their heels. Spartacus escape route was blocked at Brundisium by a third Roman force recalled from Macedonia. There was nothing left for Spartacus to do but to try to beat Crassus army in battle. The Spartacans were quickly surrounded and butchered, although many men escaped into the mountains. Only 1,000 Romans died. Six thousand of the fleeing slaves were captured by Crassus troops and crucified along the Appian Way, from Capua to Rome. Spartacus body was not found. Because Pompey performed the mopping-up operations, he, and not Crassus, got credit for suppressing the rebellion. The Third Servile War would become a chapter in the struggle between these two great Romans. Both returned to Rome and refused to disband their armies; the two were elected consul in 70 BCE. Legacy Popular culture, including the 1960 film by Stanley Kubrick, has cast the revolt led by Spartacus in political tones as a rebuke to slavery in the Roman republic. There is no historical material to support this interpretation, nor is it known whether Spartacus intended for his force to escape Italy for freedom in their homelands, as Plutarch maintains. The historians Appian and Florian wrote that Spartacus intended to march on the capital itself. Despite the atrocities committed by Spartacus forces and the splintering of his host after disagreements among the leaders, the Third Servile War inspired revolutions successful and unsuccessful throughout history, including Toussaint Louvertures march for Haitian independence. Sources Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. â€Å"Spartacus.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 22 Mar. 2018. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. â€Å"Third Servile War.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 7 Dec. 2017. â€Å"History - Spartacus.† BBC.

6 Email Mistakes that Get You Fired

6 Email Mistakes that Get You Fired We spend a distressing amount of time on email. It’s a bigger and bigger part of our jobs and our lives. It can also be an extremely revealing facet of our personalities and an indicator of how capable we are professionally. We all think we write high-caliber, businesslike emails, but we all get plenty of emails that just aren’t polished enough. Is it possible you might be guilty of substandard email? Here are six things you should make sure you’re not doing.Being forward-happySimply forwarding an email to your coworkers or your boss does not clear you of responsibility. If you really want to disseminate that information, try editing the subject to be more eye-catching, then include a brief, but informative note in the body to introduce the email you are forwarding with the reason you are forwarding it.Being grammar lazyGrammar is not a relic of the past. And people will notice when you disregard it. If you want to be respected, you need to make a habit of drafti ng smart, professional emails. Resist the temptation to express yourself in exclamation points and emoji. Use concise, correct language instead. And remember to be brief.Relying on clichà ©Check the next five emails you write before you send them. Are you using stock clichà ©s and dead language that isn’t yours? Or worse- are you using corporate speak? Talking about â€Å"circling the wagons† or â€Å"digging deep† or other meaningless phrases? Try to keep your language fresh and clean and surgically to the point.IMHO lolzNobody cares that you can use all the trendy acronyms, whether either irony or earnest. There is no place for them in a professional forum. Srlsy.Replying allUnless you have a very good reason to do so- i.e. everyone on that original thread absolutely needs a piece of information that only you possess- just don’t do it. You’ll just clog everybody’s inboxes with an unnecessary reply. If you’re communicating with you r team and boss, leave your boss out of the back-and-forth and CC her only when she needs to be in the loop on a particular message.Cleaning out your inboxIt doesn’t seem like something you might be doing wrong; it’s what organized, productive people do, right? Wrong. Chances are, the time you spend sorting all your emails into file folders is time you could actually spend working and furthering your career.

Lab formal report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Formal - Lab Report Example The liquid is then transferred to boiling water to enhance the vaporization of the fluid. Subsequently, the liquids vapor will drive out air and in turn fill the flask at atmospheric pressure and the temperature of boiling water (Bettelheim & Landesberg, 2013). By cooling the container to facilitate the condensation of the vapor, the mass of the vapor was measured, and the value M calculated. The method depends on several aspects going right. The outstanding assumption is that the liquid is volatile enough to vaporize at relatively higher temperature (Bettelheim & Landesberg, 2013). Moreover, the liquid less volatile thus a smaller quantity will evaporate via the underlying orifice during the cooling process of the container. The vapor behaves ideally at both the temperature and pressure existing in the container’. The error varies from element to element. Acetone gas might have escaped via the stopper and the rest boiled completely to dryness. The experiment was time-consuming. The error between the trials was immense. An error of 11.9 was high but close. High temperature for the water bath was had to achieve resulting to

Exam_Decision support system and business intelligence 2 Essay

Exam_Decision support system and business intelligence 2 - Essay Example It is thus characterized by subject, integration, time and volatility. Subject-oriented – this is the type of data warehousing in which the data is arranged by the subject details that are relevant to the decision support processes thus enable users determine the how and why of the organization’s performance. Integrated-this is the characteristic of data warehouse in which the data is placed from different sources are placed in a consistent format. This is only possible if the data warehouse is dealing with major data warehousing conflicts like naming discrepancies. Time-variant-this is the characteristic of data warehouse that maintains historical data. Time is a very important aspect of warehousing that defines the status of data in real systems. This character is responsible for detecting trends, long-term relationships and deviations that help in comparisons and forecasting which forms a very important part of decision making. Non-volatile- this is the characteristic of data warehouse that ensures that data entered into the data warehouse is not manipulated by users through updating or changing. It also ensures that changes in the data are recorded as new data and obsolete data are discarded. Q2: Natural Language Processing is the mode of representation that was used by early text mining applications to introduce various structures to the text-based documents so that they could cluster them to the natural groupings or classify them to some predetermined classes. In the earlier text mining like bag-of –words the natural language was considered a cluster of words. Texts like paragraphs, sentence or complete document were often represented as a collection of world. This process disregarded the grammar of the text or the order in which these words appeared. Though this model has become obsolete, some document classification tools still use it. This is still applicable in span filtering where the e-mail message

Ohio State University Essay Example for Free

Ohio State University Essay Cynthia Ozick is a daughter to Celia Regelsion and William Ozick who was born on 17th April, 1928 in New York. She has a strong educational background. She is a BA degree holder from the university of New York and Masters degree (MA) holder from Ohio State University. She is a respectable and an outstanding writer who has written several fictions and essays and particularly on the life of Jewish Americans. Some of her works such as the novel entitled ‘Heir to the Glimmering world’ that was released in 2004 made her to become popular in the world especially in the United Kingdom. Ozick has achieved many awards due to her unmatched writing skills for example she won the 1986’s Rea Award for the short story writer. She was also on the limelight in 2005 when she won the Man Booker International award. As if this was not enough, she won herself the PEN award in honor of her excellent short story writing skills. Her writing career did not occur to her overnight in fact there are some historical factors that motivated and shaped her life to what she is now. This research paper is going to delve deeper into Cynthia Ozick’s historical background and try to establish the exact factors that influenced her to become a writer of her caliber. The paper will also give brief background information of her life and then conclude with a quick summary of the main points that have been discussed. In the very last page of this paper is a list of all the resources that have been consulted while conducting this research and are properly formatted in accordance with MLA formatting style. Cynthia Ozick was a second born in her family and her father owned a drugstore where Cynthia would assist him in delivering prescriptions. She hailed from a family that greatly valued education and that is why she ended following the path she took, wring novels, poems and plays. Her father was a great Jewish scholar while her uncle was a renown Hebrew poet whose work was widely read. It is her uncle who for the first time introduced her in the field of literature thereby laying the foundation of her future career. (Rothstein) She attended school at a time when anti-Semitism was on the highest degree. She first experienced it while she was schooling at Pelham Bay section where she would receive anti Semitic slurs and attacks especially when Christmas carols were sung in class for she would not sing along as it was her principle. (Jiffynotes. com) She never gave up with school life instead she read books of her older brothers and would get others from a mobile library that passed by their drugstore. Her life took a new dimension when she joined high school at Hunter College where she found the situation being different from that in primary school life in that her education excellence was respected and greatly appreciated something that paved way for her to pursue higher education in 1949 at New York University and later to join Ohio State University for her Master’s program. (Fallon, E. 320-22) Generally speaking, though her life was good at home it was not the same in public. It was in accordance with Jewish culture that young children in America be taken for religious instructions and Cynthia Ozick was no exception. She experienced her first childhood pain at the age of five and half when her grandmother took her for those classes at Yiddish only to be disappointed by the Rabbi who refused to accept the girl arguing that there was no need to educate females. â€Å"Take her home, a girl does not have to study’ (Lowin) Rabbi had no idea whom she was sending away because the girl was bright. Though she was sent away, her grandmother never gave up in fact she took her again the next morning and she was accepted. Rabbi later discovered that the girl was a quick learner and through Rabbi Cynthia came to learn Yiddish knowledge. The experience of her being sent away from school by Rabbi who believed that girls were dispensable to be educated motivated Cynthia in one way or the other. She says that her feminism cropped up due to this treatment. (Lowin J.) Another thing that motivated her to write novels was the memories of how she was treated at school in Bronx. Though the girl was intelligent there are other things that made her feel inadequate, ‘While Ozick describes the Pelham Bay section of the Bronx as a lovely place she found it ‘brutally’ difficult to be a Jew there she remembers having stones thrown at her and being called a Christ-killer as she ran past the two churches in her neighborhood† (Lowin J). she recalls how she was treated so many years down the line something she confirms in her novel, The Cannibal Galaxy which where she describes her life in school that she was suffering like a little worm in school perhaps because she was an immigrant child left under the hands of a teacher who cared less about her life. According to Fallon (323), though Cynthia would not relate well with other children at school there was another option and a better one, books. After school she would burry her head in books that she got from a mobile library that passed by their drugstore once in a week. She says that the mobile librarians would take their cup of coffee at Park View Pharmacy after they were through with their work and she would pick two big books and magazines which transferred her completely to another world, a world different from what she experienced in school, a world of books where no one would interfere with her life. It could be said that harassment she experienced at school was a blessing in disguise because it made her to study more thereby increasing her level of intelligence. She was motivated to spend more of her time reading as she could not relate well with other students who would even criticize and throw stones at her while passing by them. (Fallon 324) The books she received from the traveling library magically transformed her life from that of a doltish schoolgirl to a reader and a prominent writer. She started by going through fairly tails and ended up being a renown novelist. The other motivational force came from her uncle Abraham Regelson, a poet who was admired for his outstanding composing and writing skills. She says that Regelson paved a way for her to follow what she refers to as a strange career. She says, â€Å"It seemed quite natural to belong to the secular Id of literature† (Lowin). She attributed her career choice to her gender arguing that if she was born a boy may be she would have pursue something else instead of what she did. She felt more motivated when she joined high school at Hunter College, Manhattan. The school atmosphere was different from that of the primary school. Here it was academic excellence that made one to be recognized and for the simple reason that she was extremely bright, she felt like she was part of the big elite group. She clearly describes those feelings in her short story book â€Å"An Education. † After she successfully completed her high school education, she proceeded to the University of New York for her BA degree and after that joined Ohio state university for her Masters degree where she wrote her thesis ‘Parable in the Later Novels of Henry James’. In her peace of work entitled, According to Lowin, the lesson of the Master Cynthia Ozick explains how she was influenced by the work of Henry James such that she became a worshipper of literature. She says, â€Å"A worshipper who had to choose between human entanglement, real life and exclusive devotion to art, chooses art. She chose art over life, she says to her eternal regret† (Lowin). Her definition in work of art was confirmed when she directed all her efforts to what she referred to as ‘High Art’ and she embarked on writing philosophical novels such as Mercy, Pity, Peace and Love (MPPL). After that she stopped writing novels and committing herself to other pieces of work like writing Jewish literature. She also got culturally transformed and became what could be termed as Jewish autodidact (Rothstein, M. ). Later, she would further be influenced by the work of Heinrich Graetz – History of the Jews and thereby she took another dimension as far as writing was concerned. She started writing more about Jews and came to be referred to as a Jewish writer. She wrote many poems with Jewish themes and also published another piece of work entitled the Pagan Rabbi in 1966 which made her very popular as it was widely read. It is from this time that her character in the field of writing started to shine internationally. She won several awards and her stories were chosen as the best in the yearly American Short Stories. She also won the Faultner Award and the National Book Award plus other dozen grants and awards that were only coveted by many not mentioning the several honorary degrees she was warded by various universities. (Associated Press) Though she was not a direct victim of the Jewish Holocaust, she would recall how Jews were killed by deadly gas by the ruthless Nazis and particularly in Germany. These memories have also become another motivating force behind her career as a Jewish writer because she has spent a great deal of time and energy writing about what was happening during that time. In conclusion it can be said that Cynthia Ozick’s career was to a large extent shaped by anti-Semitism attacks she met at school. The fact that other students were isolating her and openly criticized opened another door for her. She found solace in books which she received from a mobile library that passed by their drug store. Again having come from a family with people who valued education, she got motivated to study harder than others. Later was later influenced by the work of Regelson and Heinrich Graetz. Again the memories of how the Jews were treated during the First World War reawakened her conscience something that made her to switch to a Jewish leader. Works Cited: Associated Press. Author Cynthia Ozick wins to lifetime achievement awards. Times Record News. April 24, 2008. Accessed at http://www. timesrecordnews. com/news/2008/apr/24/author-cynthia-ozick-wins-2- lifetime-achievement-a/? printer=1/ Lowin, J. Cynthia Ozick. Jewish Virtual Library. 1928. Available at http://www. jewishvirtuallibrary. org/jsource/biography/Ozick. html Fallon, E. A Readers Companion to the Short Story in English Society for the Study of the Short Story. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001 Jiffy notes . com. Cynthia Ozick. Thomson Gale, 2006. Available at http://www. jiffynotes. com/a_study_guides/book_notes/ssfs_0000_0022_0/ssfs_0 000_0022_0_00022. html Rothstein, M. Cynthia Ozicks Rabbinical Approach to Literature. New York Times. March 25, 1987. Available at http://query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. html? res=9B0DE5D91330F936A15750C0 A961948260sec=spon=pagewanted=all

Serial Killers :: Papers

In the last three decades the USA has been troubled by an approaching problem, the serial killer. A serial killer is a person who kills a number of people, usually considered over five, with a cooling off period between each murder, usually one murder at one given time). Two murders at one time occasionally happen and these murders may go on for a period of months or years until the killer is caught. Throughout the last three decades the US serial killer rate has risen 94% and it is estimated that by the next millennium it will claim an average of 11 lives a day. Serial Murder is an epidemic; there are at least 35 serial killers active in the USA today who claim one third of the annual murder rate. The USA has 6% of the world's population yet it has three quarters of all serial killers. Not only are serial killers appearing in more numbers in the US but also all over the world countries are terrorized by serial killers, which are appearing in more numbers year and year after. KILLER TRAIT: A serial killer is a typical white male, 20-30, and most of them are usually in the USA. Their main motives are sex (even though the act of sex may or may not take place), power, manipulation, domination and control. The sex motive is usually rape for an organized killer and sadism for a disorganized killer. They act in a series of 5 or more murders with a cooling off period between each murder. Serial killers can go on for months and years before they are usually caught. The victim is usually the same for every killer - prostitute, hitchhiker etc. Their victims may also have the same or similar attributes in gender, age, race, general look, residence etc. Serial killers also stick by their modus operandi very closely and may change it with experience. Most murders occur by strangulation, suffocation, stabbing etc. Serial killers act by a sex-murder fantasy based with their control, they usually live in this dream world in their teens until they act it out for real when they get into the adult stage. As each murder occurs a serial killer may be disappointed by his murder fantasy and may act it out again to achieve it to there own satisfaction. CHARACTERISTICS OF A SERIAL KILLER: 1. Killings are separate ('serial'), occurring with greater or less frequency, often escalating over a period of time, sometimes years, and will continue until the killer is taken into custody, dies, or is himself/herself killed.

Fiction in Henry James “Paste”

Fiction in Henry James`s â€Å"Paste† Table of Contents 1. Introduction3 2. American Modernism4 3. Henry James (1843-1916)5 4. Paste8 5. Fiction in Henry James10 6. Paste analysis12 6. Conclusion14 7. Bibliography15 1. Introduction In my term paper I will primarily discuss Henry James and his short story Paste. Firstly, I will focus on the time he wrote the story and than I will describe his life and his three major writing phrases. Next, I will go on with giving the most important of the story touching the most important point of its sources and who influenced James to such a work. The next section in the term paper is one of the most important ones because it touches all the most important things connected with fiction in James`s short story which will be a guide towards the analysis of Paste. In the analysis I will examine the narrative techniques and I will connect the discourse with the story. Finally, the term paper ends with an conclusion summing up all the relative points. 2. American Modernism The large cultural wave of Modernism, which gradually emerged in Europe and the United States in the early years of the 20th century, expressed a sense of modern life through art as a sharp break from the past, as well as from Western civilization's classical traditions. Modern life seemed radically different from traditional life — more scientific, faster, more technological, and more mechanized. Modernism embraced these changes. Technological innovation in the world of factories and machines inspired new attentiveness to technique in the arts. To take one example: Light, particularly electrical light, fascinated modern artists and writers. Posters and advertisements of the period are full of images of floodlit skyscrapers and light rays shooting out from automobile headlights, moviehouses, and watchtowers to illumine a forbidding outer darkness suggesting ignorance and old-fashioned tradition. The way the story was told became as important as the story itself. Form and structure became more important than content. Henry James, William Faulkner, and many other American writers experimented with fictional points of view. Vision and viewpoint became an essential aspect of the modernist novel as well. No longer was it sufficient to write a straightforward third-person narrative or (worse yet) use a pointlessly intrusive narrator. The way the story was told became as important as the story itself. 3. Henry James (1843-1916) [pic] Life: Henry James was born in New York City into a wealthy family. His father, Henry James Sr. , was one of the best-known intellectuals in mid-nineteenth-century America, whose friends included Thoreau, Emerson and Hawthorne. In his youth James traveled back and forth between Europe and America. From an early age James had read the classics of English, American, French and German literature, and Russian classics in translation. He studied with tutors in Geneva, London, Paris, Bologna and Bonn. At the age of nineteen he briefly attended Harvard Law School, but was more interested in literature than studying law. James published his first short story, A Tragedy of Errors two years later, and then devoted himself to literature. In 1866-69 and 1871-72 he was contributor to the Nation and Atlantic Monthly where his first novel, Watch and Ward (1871) was published. James wrote it while he was traveling through Venice and Paris. After living in Paris, where James was contributor to the New York Tribune, he moved to England, living first in London and then in Rye, Sussex. During his first years in Europe James wrote novels that portrayed Americans living abroad. James's years in England were uneventful. In 1905 he visited America for the first time in twenty-five year, and wrote ‘Jolly Corner'. It was based on his observations of New York, but also a nightmare of a man, who is haunted by a doppelganger. Between 1906 and 1910 James revised many of his tales and novels for the so-called New York Edition of his complete works. It was published by Charles Scribner's Sons. His autobiography, A small boy and others (1913) was continued in Notes of a son and brother (1914). The third volume, The middle years, appeared posthumously in 1917. The outbreak of World War I was a shock for James and in 1915 he became a British citizen as a loyalty to his adopted country and in protest against the US's refusal to enter the war. James suffered a stroke on December 2, 1915. He expected to die and exclaimed: â€Å"So this is it at last, the distinguished thing! † However, James died three months later in Rye on February 28, 1916. Two novels, The Ivory Tower and The sense of the past(1917), were left unfinished at his death. James`s three writing phases after his Biographer Leon Edel: James's first, or â€Å"international,† phase encompassed such works as Transatlantic Sketches (travel pieces, 1875), The American (1877), Daisy Miller (1879), and a masterpiece, The Portrait of a Lady (1881). James's second period was experimental. He exploited new subject matters — feminism and social reform in The Bostonians (1886) and political intrigue in The Princess Casamassima (1885). He also attempted to write for the theater, but failed embarrassingly when his play Guy Domville (1895) was booed on the first night. In his third, or â€Å"major,† phase James eturned to international subjects, but treated them with increasing sophistication and psychological penetration. The complex and almost mythical The Wings of the Dove (1902), The Ambassadors (1903) (which James felt was his best novel), and The Golden Bowl (1904) date from this major period. In James, only self-awareness and clear perceptio n of others yields wisdom and self-sacrificing love. Characteristic for James novels are understanding and sensitively drawn lady portraits; James himself was a homosexual, but sensitive to basic sexual differences and the fact that he was a male. His main themes were the innocence of the New World in conflict with corruption and wisdom of the Old. In James's later works, the most important events are all psychological — usually moments of intense illumination that show characters their previous blindness. Apart from writing fiction, James made important contributions to the genre of literary theories, especially through his famous essay, The Art of Fiction, 1884. g. In his early critics James considered British and American novels dull and formless and French fiction â€Å"intolerably unclean†. â€Å"M. Zola is magnificent, but he strikes an English reader as ignorant; he has an air of working in the dark; if he had as much light as energy, his results would be of the highest value. † (from The Art of Fiction) 4. Paste Two weeks after his fathers death Arthur Prime lost also his stepmother, an former actress Miss Bradshaw. After his stepmothers funeral Arthur told his cousin Charlotte to select and take some of the jewelry her aunt left. Charlotte selected a pearl necklace which seemed to her as real. Arthur felt deeply insulted with the thought that they were real and the way his stepmother as an actress could got such pearls. Charlotte apologizes and agrees with Arthur that they are paste and takes them s back to Bleet where she worked as governess. Once at a party, Mrs. Guy noticed the pearls, recognizes them as genuine and with Charlottes approval wears the string at the party. When Charlotte noticed that everybody at the party assumed they were real she insisted at the idea to return them to her cousine Arthur who still pretends to believe that they were pasteand later writes to her that he smashed them to destroy any false slur upon his family. Later however, Charlotte sees Mrs. Guz wearing a beautiful pearl string. She explained to Charlotte she bought it from a dealer to whom Arthur sold them. Charlotte was disappointed how her cousin could be so deceitful. The origin of â€Å"Paste† is rather more expressible, since it was to consist but of the ingenious thought of transposing the terms of one of Guy de Maupassant's admirable stories. The story originated from the idea of reversing the situation of de Maupassant`s La Parure, in which a supposedly genuine necklace is found to be false, by centering the action on a string of perals, thought to worthless but proved to be real. In â€Å"La Parure† a poor young woman, under â€Å"social† stress, the need of making an appearance on an important occasion, borrows from an old school friend, not much richer than herself, a pearl necklace which she has the appalling misfortune to lose by some mischance never afterwards cleared up. Her life and her pride, as well as her husband's with them, become subject, from the hour of the awful accident, to the redemption of their debt; which, effort by effort, sacrifice by sacrifice, excuses, a rage of desperate explanation of their failure to restore the missing object, they finally obliterate–all to find that their whole consciousness and life have been convulsed, that the pearls were an â€Å"imitation† and that their passionate apology has ruined them for nothing. According to Henry James and his theory of fiction Guy de Mauppasant holds that we have no universal measure of the truth and that there are many different classes of fiction which help us to understand that the particular way we see the world is our particular illusion about it. 5. Fiction in Paste and Henry James Henry James`s conception of writing fiction is defined in these words: â€Å"A novel is, in its broadest definition, a personal, a direct impression of life, that, to begin with, constitutes its value, which is greater or less according to the intensity of the impression. But there will be no intensity at all, and therefore, no value, unless there is freedom to feel and say. † In his treatment of subject matter, James felt that no aspect of life should be excluded. He said that â€Å"the province of art is all life, all feeling, all observation, all vision †¦ it is all experience. That is a sufficient answer to those who maintain that it must not touch the sad things of life †¦ † James's style of writing is magnificent and his canvas is broad – encompassing both Europe and America. He is a master of character portrayal and has extensively used the â€Å"stream of consciousness† method in his fictional writing. Julie Rivkin explains the term as a radiating luminous intelligence which integrated the â€Å"felt life† into fiction. Perhaps more than any previous writer, James refined the technique of narrating a novel from the point of view of a character, thereby laying the foundations of modern stream of consciousness fiction. Henry James produced one hundred and twelve stories and majority of them have been ignored or dismissed as a tributary to the mainstream of his novels. James creative energies were devoted equally into his novels, essays and his short stories, which means that also the stories deserved critical research as his novels or essays. James wrote about Guy de Maupassant that he will be remembered because of his more than hundred tales he wrote and not on his half a dozen novels meaning probably that he wanted to state that his whish would be to remember him himself also because of his novels and his short stories. 6. Paste analysis Henry James is grappling with the idea of keeping the story under 7,000 words. Part of this struggle develops from his idea seemingly having too much to say, but the notebook entry also leans towards the difficulty of being able to create a diverse enough idea to actually have a story within this space. James seems to be attempting to begin answering what is the short story: â€Å"†¦but to do anything worth while with it I must †¦ be very clear as to what it is in it and what I wish to get out of it. †¦ It must be a picture; it must illustrate something. † This also refers back to that that the writer needs to avoid a simple summary of events and the reader must encounter a story within the sketch structure. Within James’ description of the story he intends to work on, he places a great deal of emphasis on contrast to relay his story. Paste is one of the few tales in which James successfully approaches Maupassant`s technique, allowing the objective action of the tale to reveal all its characters and values. The plot is swiftly set in motion, on the day of his stepmothers` funeral , Arthur allows his cousin Charlotte to take one peace of stage jewelry, she picks out some paste pearls which she honorably returns to Arthur when she founds out they are real. Arthur being a prudish stepson is greedy enough to sell the pearls , while he wrote her cousin he destroyed them. As so often in this tales, the professional virtuous are exposed as utterly fraudulent and the decent people as Charlotte as selfless fools. Only Mrs. Guy which with her name remembers us on Guy de Maupassant is one of James`s innumerable versions of the Madame Merle- type competent wordly woman with an innocent look and a strong authority manages to a short while to win the reader`s thoughts. Paste is told by an omniscient third-person narrator, who refrains from judging the characters or their actions. The narrator does have access to the characters' thoughts, but for the most part, the narrator simply describes the events of the story, leaving it up to the reader to determine the nature of the characters through their actions. Most of all, the narrator is concerned with Charlotte Prime. The moral dimension is most obvious in what appears to be James`s confident insistence on the reality of moral evil, motivated by egoism and by self-sacriface, especially sacrifice of own happiness. Charlotte insisted on the problem of sacrifice and she does not act for her own good, she wants to be fair and returns the pearls to her greedy cousin and when she founds out that he sold them she asks her self why was she so moral and truthful James`s characters, especially Charlotte, are presented as they having a very difficult time to simply trying to understand what they most need to understand- their own and others intentions or motives. The major themes in the story are paste, greed, losing moral values, truth vs. lie. All the themes are connected with a symbol in the story. Paste meaning the farce which Arthur plays toward his cousin, implying that things are not always what they seem to be. All the themes are connected with transition from innocence and naivety to experience. Development of Charlotte Prime in Paste Charlotte Prime is a governess in a little town called Bleet and the role of a governess in Victorian times was not a popular figure in Victorian England. The governess did not have a social position worthy of attention. The problem existed in them that aristocrats and middle-class Victorians were not sure how to treat the governess because she was in many cases also from the same class as they were, but her lack of financial stability made them view her as she were from the lower class. To work as a governess in Victorian times was justified by the society only if she found herself in financial distress or had no relatives to give her support. From the story it is noticeable that Charlotte Prime was also working as a governess because her bad financial situation 6. Conclusion The main aim of this research paper was to show how James dealt with fiction in his short stories, especially in Paste. James was fascinated to be challenged with writing short stories. He knew that had to take one single incident and his fiction does not generally lend itself to a close examination or its values are diffuse, the structure is often loose, its effects depend on stock devices and responses. That means that a plot need be no more than a string of stock devices for arousing stock responses of concern and excitement in the reader. The reader’s interest may be captured t the outset by the promise of conflicts or mysteries or frustrations that will eventually be resolved, and he will gladly—so strong is his desire to be moved or entertained—suspend criticism of even the most trite modes of resolution. 7. Bibliography 1. Baldev Vaid, Krishna (1964). Technique in the tales of Henry James. Cambridge: HUP Press 2. Gale L. , Robert (1965). Plots and Characte rs in the Fiction of Henry James. Hamden:The Shoe String 3. Pippin, Robert B. ( 2000). Henry James and modern moral life. Cambridge: HUP 4. Putt, S. Gorley (1966). Henry James. A reader`s Guide. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.

Elie Change

Ms. GrimeseyLaftsis, Helena Ostrander9/6 English15. 11. 12 How do Elie`s life experiences during WWII change him physically, mentally and emotionally? In Elie Wiesel `s book Night the author shows how he himself changed during WWII. In camps such as Birkenau, Buna and Auschwitz people change. They lose faith, hope, families and their physicality. Every day, we go through situations that affect us in some way. The more difficult situation is, the more of an effect it has on us. A few days it`s enough to change the personality of a Human and to start acting like hungry animals.Elie`s experiences during WWII change him change him a lot physically, mentally and emotionally. In Hitler`s concentration camps the Jews were abused, starved and freezing. People who had power in the camps were the strongest. They could beat whoever and whenever they wanted to. Once Elie cross the path of Idek while he was nervous and he started hitting him so hard, â€Å"He threw himself on me like a wild beas t, beating me in the chest, on my head, throwing me to the ground and picking me up again, crushing me with ever more violent bows, until I was covered in blood† (Wiesel, 53).This quote shows us how unfair was life in those camps to the people that didn`t have power. The powerful ones were hitting the people so hard and they did not care about them. During the winter the Jews were freezing because they didn’t have such things as blankets, gloves and hats. While Elie was going to Buchenwald camp he said â€Å"We were nothing but frozen bodies† (Wiesel, 100). In this quote Elie Wiesel literally describes himself and his others fellows as nothing more but â€Å"frozen bodies†. They didn`t receive any food and ate only snow.During the night they were lying on top of each other just so they don`t freeze so fast. Another cause of a physical change is malnutrition. Their food was insufficient and all of the people lost a lot of weight. A few days after the libera tion of Buchenwald Elie finally saw himself in the mirror, â€Å"From the depths of the mirror, a corpse was contemplating me† (Wiesel, 115). Ellie describes his body as if he has the body of a dead person. He lost so much weight in the camp that he couldn`t even recognize himself.He last saw himself when he was still in the ghetto, now when he finally sees himself in the mirror he is shocked because of the change in his body. Elie has a physical change because life there was very hard. Unfortunately â€Å"physical change† wasn’t the only change that he experienced during the period when he was in the camps. Elie change emotionally soon after entering the camps. He becomes very close to his father in the camp, they are always helping and supporting each other during hard times. But during the years when he was in the camp he stopped caring about his family, friends and everything that he cared before.When they split his family he stayed with his father and only a few days was enough to change Elie`s personality, â€Å"My father had just been struck, in front of me, and I had not even blinked† (Wiesel, 39). This quotes shows us from its own words â€Å"I had not even blinked† how much has Elie change throughout the WWII. It also shows us how cruel and selfish he has become. He doesn’t even care for his father anymore. Another good example for an emotionally change is when Elie`s dad died, â€Å"I did not weep, and it pained me that I could not weep†¦at last† (Wiesel, 112). Even at his dad funeral he did not even cried.He tried to cry but he couldn`t. This shows us how much the camp changed him. The camp teaches them to live only for themselves and to not help anyone even their own fathers, â€Å"I knew he was running out of strength, close to death, and yet I had abandoned him (Wiesel, 10). This quote shows us that even though his dad was very sick and was close to death, Elie left him alone. Which mean tha t he doesn`t care for his dad anymore because if he cared he would do anything possible to help his dad. Elie changed from being a nice caring person to a heart-colded, selfish monster.In such camps people change a lot in their religious beliefs and learn that they only live for themselves. You shouldn`t help your fellows because in there your life is more important. In those camps there aren’t such things as brothers, sisters, fathers you should care only about yourself, â€Å"I gave him what was left of my soup. But my heart was heavy. † (Wiesel, 107). He gives his soup to his father but not willingly. He change a lot in the concentration camps. Elie also change his religious beliefs during this period when he was in the camps.At the beginning of the novel he was very religious but after the WWII he stopped believing in God,† Blessed be God`s name? Why, but why would I bless Him? † (Wiesel, 67). He doesn`t understand why he should bless God name if he per mits to the Germans to manipulate them like this. He lost hope and faith in him, â€Å"Never shall I forget those moments that murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to ashes. † (Wiesel, 34) This quote shows us with its own word â€Å"murdered† that for him God is dead. Because of the camps he lost faith in God and turned his dreams into ashes.In those camps people stop having faith in God and understand that they should live for themselves; they should not care about the others. Before the war Elie was considered as a deeply religious young boy Elie but everything change since he arrived in the camps. He lost faith in god. In those camps Ellie and his fellows were like slaves; they were only working and almost didn`t had nothing to eat. The SS policemen were beating them whenever they wanted to without having pity for them. Only a few days were enough to change Elie mentally, emotionally and physically.

Free Essays on NFL

National Football League The National Football League (NFL) is the United States’ most popular sport, eclipsing Major League Baseball (MLB) over a decade ago. This success has created an extraordinary market in which to sell products and generate huge revenues for the NFL teams and for the league itself. This success has also created controversy between several team owners and the league commissioner over the legal rights that each claim to have their respective team trademarked name and logo. While the NFL apparently continues to offer the most popular consumer sports product, the league continues to face ongoing marketing challenges in four different areas; Broadcast media, licensing and sponsorship, consumer diversity and youth participation. Broadcast Media The NFL relies on several different types of broadcast media to get their product to the target audience. Traditionally, Television broadcast has been the means by which most Americans have been able to view football games. Multibillion dollar contracts with ABC/ESPN, CBS and now FOX have created competition between the rival networks each bringing new platforms and announcers in to make the overall presentation of the football game more appealing and entertaining. This strategy has worked for the NFL so far, providing approximately $70 million annually per team. In the future, television needs to continue to play a dominant role in displaying the NFL product and the league should continue to get larger and larger contracts to maximize the revenue generated by the sixteen weeks of regular season play, but a host of other support broadcast media needs to accompany the television broadcast. As live feed streaming technology continues to be produced on the Internet, a new way to e xperience the NFL is developing. There should be billion dollar contracts waiting for online providers that can create a new NFL experience using that technology. Today, AOL and CBS S... Free Essays on NFL Free Essays on NFL National Football League The National Football League (NFL) is the United States’ most popular sport, eclipsing Major League Baseball (MLB) over a decade ago. This success has created an extraordinary market in which to sell products and generate huge revenues for the NFL teams and for the league itself. This success has also created controversy between several team owners and the league commissioner over the legal rights that each claim to have their respective team trademarked name and logo. While the NFL apparently continues to offer the most popular consumer sports product, the league continues to face ongoing marketing challenges in four different areas; Broadcast media, licensing and sponsorship, consumer diversity and youth participation. Broadcast Media The NFL relies on several different types of broadcast media to get their product to the target audience. Traditionally, Television broadcast has been the means by which most Americans have been able to view football games. Multibillion dollar contracts with ABC/ESPN, CBS and now FOX have created competition between the rival networks each bringing new platforms and announcers in to make the overall presentation of the football game more appealing and entertaining. This strategy has worked for the NFL so far, providing approximately $70 million annually per team. In the future, television needs to continue to play a dominant role in displaying the NFL product and the league should continue to get larger and larger contracts to maximize the revenue generated by the sixteen weeks of regular season play, but a host of other support broadcast media needs to accompany the television broadcast. As live feed streaming technology continues to be produced on the Internet, a new way to e xperience the NFL is developing. There should be billion dollar contracts waiting for online providers that can create a new NFL experience using that technology. Today, AOL and CBS S...

Challenges of Cross-Cultural Team

Corporate sectors have been using the concept of cross culture within their business operation. According to the views of corporate culture, they prioritize the ways in which interaction takes place between the management and the employees (Bonache and Noethen 2014). The dress code, office set-up, business hours, hiring decision, the ways in which clients are treated and even the business hours are dependent on the employees working and the culture to which they belongs. Cross culture is an important concept in business nowadays. The way to initiate the harmony between different groups of people within the organization and improve the efficiency of the same with their help is known as managing cross-cultural team (Corkindale 2015). Through these methods the company can develop by increasing their understanding of the ways in which different groups of people belonging to different culture communicate and interact amongst themselves. There have been several theories relating to cross c ultural dimension as used by the different companies within their course of operation and the benefits it yielded to the company. The chosen organization for this report is Aldi supermarket. Karl Albrecht and Theo Albrecht have founded the supermarket chain established in Germany. According to BBC news published on 2016, the company was planning to employ 5000 staff in their company. The company has several district managers within their organization who has been engaged in managing the daily business and keeping things into law and order (Ward 2015). They have around 25 expatriate area managers in their team. They are also into expanding their business into Chinese market for which they need to recruit new managers in their organization. This report tries to focus on the ways in which these cross-cultural dimensions can be helpful in the recruitment procedure of the company and the challenges faced by the management of the company. The first segment of the report gives a brief review of the existing literature and the beneficial impact of cross-cultural dimension. In addition, the ways in which Hofstede model has been used in the company has also been observed through this report. The ways in which the company uses the theory of Hofstede while trying to recruit the expatriate managers and the problems faced by them in their operation has been highlighted in the second segment of this report. The report also tried to focus on the skills and abilities that a successful manager must possess in any organization.   The multivariate criteria that can be used to analyze the capability of an international manager has also been observed here. The final part of the report highlights the acculturation issues faced within the organization. The advent of time has led many companies to improve their procedure of recruitment within their organizations. According to Anand and Chitra Devi (2016), the companies are now moving towards having an e-recruitment procedure through which it is going to hire its employees even the top-level management groups. Through this paper, the author saw that still today there is superiority of the real-time communication over the e-recruitment process. Again the paper also highlights that HR department is benefitted by the e-recruitment as much of their work pressure is relieved through this (Anand and Chitra Devi 2016). Another journal reveals that in some companies of Sweden the recruitment of top managements are done based on the parameter of homosociality. The entire recruitment procedure has given more importance to two different practices through which recruitment took place. They are: hierarchy and competency and giving preference to males than females (Holgersson 2013). In other words through the report, it has been observed that in countries like Sweden preference is given to male employees than female employees. According to the Engelen et al. (2014) there has been an established relationship between the top management leadership and the level of innovation within the firm.   Through the journal the author has tried to find out the ways in which any organization is benefited by the level of innovation and the behavior of the leader in this respect. The report found out that there are 6 components in the transformational behavior of the leaders. It is these components of the leaders that has influenced the innovation within the organization in a positive way (Engelen et al. 2014) It has also been observed that the extent to which the components have influenced the organization is different but each of them has a positive impact within the company. Another journal suggests that the influence of cultural relationship of the employees on the designing of new products and the technological innovation within the domain which leads to the growth of the organization (Turro, Urbano and Peris-Ortiz 2014). The report found out that there has been a positive relationship between the design innovations on strengthening the market share of the organization. It has been observed that as individualism increases there has been an increase in the positive influence of the organization’s business strategy. The above literature survey suggests that throughout the global economy, different organizations have opted for different methods while recruiting the top-level managers within their organization. In spite of the fact that different methods have been used, all the organizations came into one concluding point that is everyone realized the need and benefit of using cross-cultural dimension within their organization. Most of the organizations have started employing people from different cultures within their organization’s domain. The following part initially talks about a brief theory of the Greer Hofstede Model followed by the issues, which Aldi faces in recruiting their expatriate managers. Hofstede was a social psychologist who was an ex-employer of IBM. The model was initiated with a survey done on the employees of IBM globally during 1969-73. The main purpose of his model was to establish the impact of the different culture on the values imbibed on the people of that nation. In other hand, this model was established to understand the influence of these six different components on the organization (De Mooij 2015). The six different dimensions of Hofstede’s model is given as follows:   Individualistic/ Collectivism: This dimension tries to highlight the ways in which individual people prioritizes their own needs and goals in their daily business operation. The ways in which the individual needs of these employees can influence and generate the goals and needs of the entire organization is shown through this dimension (Evanschitzky et al. 2014). Masculine/ Feminine: This dimension highlights the gender biasness existing within the society. Under the feminine culture there is less differentiation amongst the males and females within the society. On other hand, there are different rules for masculine society whereby the females and males are treated differently. Uncertainty Avoidance: The capability of people to adept to the changes in the society, organization and work culture has been seen through this dimension. People can be classified as risk lovers, risk neutral and risk averse. The risk lovers show low level of uncertainty avoidance that is they are capable of diving into uncertain situations whereas the risk averse person shows high uncertainty avoidance where they are not ready to adopt uncertain situation (Corkindale 2015). Power Distance: This dimension highlights the employee’s capability to acknowledge the existence of inequality within the organization. There is always existence of inequality in terms of income distribution and power distribution within the society. The ways in which the employees accept this disparity matter a lot in their performance. Time Perspective: The success of an organization depends on future planning of the company, long term perspective. The short time goals taken up by the company based on their past and present situation matters a lot for the company’s growth. Indulgence/Restraint: The extent to which any organization gets benefitted by taking up little fun sessions amidst the strict rules of the company is seen through this dimension (Wurtz and Suutari 2014). If the employees are engaged into work for the entire office hours then it would dampen their productivity and henceforth little fun activity and enjoyment should be provided within the same. The managers of Aldi has comes from different regions with different imbibed cultures. It has been seen that they often faces several issues in their daily course of business. Few such issues faced by them have been discussed below with comparison with the learning of the Hofstede’s model. Before discussing the issue, a graph comparing Aldi operating in Australia and in two other nation has been provided based on Geert Hofstede’s Model. Figure 1: Comparison of ALDI in Australia, Denmark and Sweden The graph above shows that Aldi has performed differently in different nation when it has been judged on Hofstede’s model. Along with Aldi operating at Australia, the performance of the company in two other nation have been highlighted through the graph. It is clearly seen that other than long-term orientation and indulgence, the ranks in all other parameters are well above when compared with other two nations. In Australia, the component of masculinity got highest rank whereas the other two nations namely, Denmark and Sweden ranks much below. Hence, the graph above indicates that there is existence of gender biasness within the Australian nation when it comes to hiring the top level managers in the organization.   Ã‚   Individualistic approach: Each individual has some cultures and ethics imbibed within them, which gets reflected in the way they conduct themselves n their life, in front of the society and within their business domain (Gido and Clements 2014). The managers of Aldi who have been hired from other nations face the problem of conflict whereby they try to abide by their culture and takes time in adapting the already existing culture within the society.   Facing problem in cultural aspect can seriously dampen their performance and hence there is a need for Aldi to implement the cross-cultural approach thoroughly within their system. Masculine: It has already been observed from the figure above that within Australia, ALDI has been showing strict biasness while recruiting their management employees in top ranks.   Though the nation talks about bringing gender equality but whenever it comes to recruiting a high level executive in their company they give preference to the male candidate. One possible reason could be that it is easier for the males to leave their home and reside abroad for work purpose whereas the female might face problems in moving abroad.   Even there has been several instances where the expatriate management employees feel lonely when staying amidst everyone in their organization (Cuddy et al 2015). Uncertainty avoidance: The Company gets a score of 54 in this dimension. It is also nearly double than it got in other two nation. Hence, while recruiting the managers the issues faced by Aldi are that it recruits the managers who are risk averse in nature. Long term Orientation: The Company ranks low in this dimension. While recruiting the managers the company thinks of the short-term goals and not the long-term scenario. However, it reality the company should think about the long-term prospective of the organization when recruiting the managers as recruiting them, providing them with proper training requires huge amount of cost that is to be borne by the company (Gooderham, Gooderham and Grogaard 2013). Hence, the focus should be on short-term goals. Indulgence: The expatriate managers are often stressed out in their initial days within their organization. The stressed out managers cannot perform well and it can demoralize the other employees within the organization. Henceforth, indulgence in the form of group interaction, short fun sessions and other fun-filled activities often helps them to get accustomed within their organization (Wurtz and Suutari 2014). This short session not only helps the managers to relief their stress but also it helps the lower level employees to have a healthy work relation with the higher authority creating synchronization between the different hierarchy. The discussion above clearly highlighted the issues that Aldi faced in their domain when recruiting expatriate managers. The company believes in retaining its employees and avoids hiring new people in the top managerial level arriving from different cultures and nations. Henceforth, It has been observed that in order to retain their previous employees the company offers them a lump-sum salary hike along with other facilities like iPhone and AUDI A3. Aldi provides high amount of rewards and recognition to their employees because the company believes in promoting their staff within their domain. Other than the above-mentioned issues, the recruitment procedure within the organization prioritizes some other issues like the experience of the candidate who is sitting for the position. In addition, the company also looks for ability of the competing candidates and the ways in which the manager can adopt the different culture within the organization. The success of any business depends largely on the skills and effectiveness of the top-notch managers within that organization. The efficiency of the managers gets highly prioritized when the company or organization is involved in managing cross country teams (Bonache and Noethen 2014). The main reason is that managers who deals with teams of indigenous people are well aware of the cultural notions imbibed within its employees and the things that could hurt their sentiments (Gooderham, Gooderham and Grogaard 2013). On other hand, within cross-cultural teams the employees may have sentiments regarding several different issues and may be compatible working under several schemes. Henceforth, the abilities and skills that a successful expatriate international manager must possess have been discussed here. The international must possess this following abilities and skills: Self-Awareness: It has been observed that people at the higher authority have the tendency to be bossy and always assumes that they are right while their juniors might be wrong. The basic notion of becoming a successful international manager is to realize the fact that they might not always be right while others might not always be wrong. In other words, the international manager must possess the skill of having self-awareness whereby they recognize and accept the fact that other view can differ from his views (Gido and Clements 2014). Adventurousness: The ability to take risk and grasp a new method in business operation deviating from the traditional ways is very necessary for the long term growth of any organization. Hence, a good international manager must be adventurous in their work and try out new innovative ways of operation. In case of Aldi, it is this innovative idea taken up by its expatriate managers that led to the growth of the organization. Good negotiator: Working in a globally acknowledged company requires good negotiating skills of the managers. There may be several cases where they need to negotiate with the clients and other companies and establish their own views in front of them while strategically disregarding the opponent’s views. Well-Spoken: The important skill that successful managers possess is that of being an orator. In order to be in a brownie point and win over others while communicating with international clients, the managers have to be a good orator. In addition, if the person can speak in the native language of his client, then he gets an upper hand in influencing and getting a good business done (Moran, Abramson and Moran 2014). Presence or flexibility: An expatriate manager must possess a charismatic attitude reflected through his energy level, dress, interests, self confidence and code of conduct. The way in which the person can gel with his colleagues matters a lot in the success of the business.    Sensitive towards cultural diversity: The ability to adopt the cultural diversity within the organization is the most important skill that international managers must possess. It might happen that not being able to eat raw fish or touching your colleagues or clients with left hand might offset the manager image as well as de-motivate the potential clients. Hence, the managers must be well-informed and adapted to the rituals of the region where he or she may be posted in their job. Open minded: A successful international managers are also found to be open minded. They are ready to accept the fact that some other organization or people within the organization might be better than them. By accepting this fact they always try to improve themselves and match with the global situation. It has been observed that the managers of Aldi possess almost all the skills mentioned above. It is during the recruitment procedure of these managers that the higher authority checks and analyzes the charismatic personality of the competing candidates. The higher authority gives more importance to the X-factors rather than the academic knowledge of the candidates. The managers of Aldi have been seen to possess high level of dedication in their work field with an in depth understanding about the same. Multivariate analysis presents the opportunity of using statistical tools for analyzing multiple independent variables with multiple criterion variables. Human behaviour and the studies related to the same is complex. It makes studying the dependent outcomes of such behaviour hard, as the behaviours cannot be described in terms of other variables. Measuring these traits directly is not possible, which requires multiple factors of variables to determine the behaviour of the dependent variable. The observation and the variables have to be analyzed simultaneously, which makes the process more difficult. Multivariate analysis helps the researcher in using all the independent variables to analyze the dependent variable simultaneously and find out at the same time the significances of the independent variables on the dependent variable. According to Mach and Baruch (2015), the scope of using multivariate analysis in effectively managing cross cultural teams is huge as the independent variables determines altogether the effectiveness of the dependent variable. The conditional effects of team composition keeping in mind the expatriation and repatriation of the, on the performance can be done thorough multivariate analysis. It will help to understand how group consensus, collective orientation of team, and trust among the members of the team help explaining the objective performance of the team in the context of cross cultural teams. The research has its boundaries in the sense of the countries of origin from where the team members belong. According to the ideas given by Davies (2015), the change of origin places plays a crucial role in determining the significance of the independent variables. The result shows one of the things that bind a team together is trust. Following the views of Burns, Minnick and Starks (2015), it can be said that, there are many variables that determines whether the trust and bond between the team members will be built. The reason the team lacks trust and bond among the team members are numerous. For example, the gap between two member’s payments differentiates between the members. The structure the organizations follow in the cross-country model is that of a tournament structure. It also determines the values and ethical grounds of the organizations. The variables regarding the differences between cultures and thought process of the workers are thus has to be taken with unbiased attitude. According to the ideas given by Moran, Abramson and Moran (2014), the cross culture teams are now available in all the economies around the globe due to the globalization. With more reduction in barriers, the international economy increases by its size. It nourishes cross culture teams at different stages of production in the organizations. Although there are cultural dissimilarities in different countries, but the integration of the market has created a scenario where the problems organizations face are more or less similar across the globe. Following the views of Cramton and Hinds (2014), it can be stated that, the variables that define several issues in cross-cultural teams are similar in different countries, which are operating in the open market structure. In Multinational Corporations, the same work culture is followed in its overseas companies. This might disconnect employees from their cultural roots in the overseas companies. It creates problems, which are the results of mis understanding between the team members. The reasons of the misunderstanding are sensitization of social culture of the locality. As stated by Stahl and Tung (2015), the cross-cultural teams are supposed to increase the team’s morale and motivate the team members working in a diverse workforce. It helps growing a sense of responsibility and commitment in the team. The cultural differences can be shown using the Hofstede’s model of cultural dimensions. The individualistic or collective dimensions give the idea about the demands that has to be taken care of by the managers by prioritizing the significance of the demands. As stated by Pioch and Gerhard (2014), the management rules might differ due to the structural differences in the societies. The six cultural dimensions in Hofstede’s model can be used as the independent variables to understand the cross cultural teams’ issues in global business. According to the ideas given by Dà ¼rr et al. (2016), the global businesses require recruitment of managers, who are internationally experienced. Hiring international managers will help the o rganizations to address the issues of cross-cultural teams. This can also be used as a measuring scale for the managers. According to Charleston, Mattos and Chapman (2017), the international managers will be far more advanced in addressing the cross cultural issues than the local managers. The cross cultural teams also depends on the level of communication that the manager provides. Different people from different cultural backgrounds have different ways of communication. The international managers’ job here is to provide the team an opportunity to communicate freely following the ethical boundaries of the organization. The manager also has to train the team members different ways of communication that they can use while communicating. According to the ideas Verbeke (2013), the international managers are required to do follow certain strategies, which will help them in creating a strong bond within the team with people from different cultures. The managers should have the quality of acculturating a new work environment with different cultural aspects and values. Capability is required where the managers have to be both qualified and experienced to manage a team with people from different cultures. The international managers have to care for the people they lead in an unbiased manner while showing same level of passion for different cultures. Interacting effectively with the people from different cultural backgrounds to develop relation which will support good communication is one of the most important and critical responsibilities of the international managers. As stated by Metzger (2014), dealing with cultural diversity requires awareness of the surroundings in the team as well as outside of the team. The manager has to make sure that this awareness is properly achieved before approaching the employees collectively. Comparing and finding out the contrasts in the behaviours from different cultures is a quality that the managers must have to manage a cross cultural team. From these requirements the independent variables can be drawn which will be required to find out whether a manager is capable of being an international manager. The objective of this research is to find out whether an individual manager is capable to become an international manager. The person is not eligible for being the international manager in Aldi. The person is eligible for being the international manager in Aldi. o run this multivariate analysis primary data is required. Secondary data has no significant impact on the results. The primary data will be used for each individual to find out whether a manager can be recruited as an international manager. The primary data will be collected from the subjects’ past records in different platforms. The data will be collected using the managers’ past employer’s data bank as the source. This data might be stored in order to create a variable through which future subjects can be judged (Aldridge, Kilgo and Christensen 2014). The same process will be used for all the subjects individually. The data will be collected for the manager’s experience in the field, managing ability, performance of the teams under his supervision, understanding of different cultures, attitude towards the other cultures, and others. These are the independent variables required for the multivariate analysis. The dependent variable is the credibility of the international manager. The independent variables will be recorded and then divided into two categories. The manager’s experience in the field, performance of the teams under his supervision, and managing ability will be broadly taken in production category. Understanding of different cultures and attitude towards the other cultures will be broadly categorized under sensitivity regarding cultures. â€Å"Hofstede’s cultural dimensions† study will help in creating the variables under the context of cultures (Geppert, Williams and Wortmann 2015). For the analysis purpose Microsoft Excel software will be used where the significance of the independent variables on the dependent variable will be analyzed. From the analysis the null hypothesis or alternative hypothesis will be selected as true for a person of interest. The result of the final analysis will be used as the subject’s score. This score of all the available managers will be compared for finding out which manager will be the most suitable for the job of international manager in the organization Aldi. The outcomes from the analysis are expected to have a significant effect on the management recruiting process. The independent variables for each subject are expected to be of high significance with the dependent variable. For those, who are not good with cross-cultural teams will the null hypothesis H0 will be true. For the others, the alternative hypothesis H1 will be true. The definition of acculturation states that it is a process where a cultural change occurs. Multiple cultures meeting, often results in a mixture of the cultures in the society. The process of mixing of the cultures is termed as acculturation (Thomas and Peterson 2014). It is considered as a direct change of one’s culture under the influence of other culture. Acculturation issues might be present in expatriation and repatriation of international managers. The issues are discussed below: During expatriation, one person permanently or temporarily starts living in a foreign country among their culture. The international managers who are expatriated face several issues regarding acculturation. The managers looking for acculturation after expatriation faces problems regarding several contemporary issues like transition and high expectation. Moreover, the providers of diversified cultures can be divided in dominant and non-dominant. The different cultures, in the context of acculturation have to be merged to form a mixed culture.   According to Tee, Goh and Cheah (2015), in the case of expatriation, a person feels out of place in an acculturated society or working place.   It leads to loneliness and frustration for the person. The issue of cultural differences can disturb the person considered. Here, the international manager can suffer due to the cultural differences and thus should have experience with different cultures. The cost of staying in the circle full of ne w people from different culture can be intimidating for a person. The cost can be in the terms of mental and physical. The mental or psychological issues can come in the form of frustration and depression. The physical issues will incorporate workplace violence, change in cost of living, and other physical matters. According to Ang and Dyne (2015), the new person be it a manager or a team member can face problems regarding relationship with the team members. The new people a person meets during expatriation might present different cultural values, which his cultural values do not approve. This will create a situation of dilemma disrupting the workplace environment. The issues related to the repatriation can present severe problems for the workers in a team. Normally, during repatriation the workers become relaxed assuming that the process will be easy and the cultural fit will be perfect. Often the process presents problems, which creates distance and lack of trust in the team. This can break the team spirit and hence the productivity of the team as a whole. According to Hoch and Kozlowski (2014), the international managers during repatriation might expect the team to function in a way, which otherwise he would not have expected. The unrealistic expectation might lead to bad managing of the production process. It can ruin the communication process in the company. Following the views of Nahavandi (2016), it can be said that, leaving the system the manager became used to might result in emotional shocks. Often the managers think that the culture in the organization is the same as it was when he left before. In reality, the cultural traits of an organization changes with time. This creates cultural gap between expectations of the international manager and the team he backs to. This will again create communication gap and affect the teams’ productivity in a negative way. The cultural values are evolving in nature. During repatriation, the manager might face almost a new set of cultural values. It might give the international manager the feeling like expatriation. This will again produce challenges for the manager to work with the production units. The report can be summarized by stating that for an organization to run successfully within the global domain it needs lots of market research and adaptive capacity within themselves. Following Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimesnsion model it has been observed that an expatriate managers faces several issues in their daily line of operation. The recruitment of the manager follows several cautious steps taken by the higher authority based on several criteria. An international manager must possess several qualities and skills so that the company gets benefitted in the long run by exploiting those skills of the top-notch managers. The several skills include being a good orator, being adaptive and culturally sentimental, flexible and a good negotiator. It can be said that the multivariate analysis will help the international organization Aldi in recruiting international managers. The main issues regarding hiring an international manager incorporate productivity, performance, and cult ural sensitivity. If the international manager has experience of working in an environment with cross cultural teams, then he will add value to the production process. This will help Aldi in recruiting the potential workers for the production and other purposes. The multivariate analysis shows that the independent variables will figure out how much those can affect the dependent variable. The independent variables cover both production and cultural contexts. The cross cultural working environment is a challenging one for the international managers for which the acculturation issues occur. The acculturation issues can occur in expatriation and repatriation of the international managers. During expatriation the acculturation issues creates boundaries for the international manager to work with the new employees. The cultural gaps become more prominent which affects the team’s productivity. Aldi has to ensure that the international manager is chosen abiding the multivariate analy sis in such a way that the cultural gaps have no impact on the productivity. The moral situation of the international managers can also be disturbed due to the issues of repatriation. In this case, unrealistic expectations mostly lead to unachieved goals. Aldridge, J., Kilgo, J. and Christensen, L., 2014. Turning culture upside down: The role of Transcultural education. Social Studies Research and Practice, 9(2), pp.107-119. Anand, J. and Chitra Devi, S. (2016).  A Walk towards paperless HR. [online] www.allresearchjournal. Available at: https://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2016/vol2issue11/PartH/2-11-44-946.pdf [Accessed 3 Feb. 2017]. Ang, S. and Van Dyne, L., 2015. Handbook of cultural intelligence. Routledge. Bonache, J. and Noethen, D., 2014. The impact of individual performance on organizational success and its implications for the management of expatriates.  The International Journal of Human Resource Management,  25(14), pp.1960-1977. Burns, N., Minnick, K. and Starks, L.T., 2015. CEO tournaments: A cross-country analysis of causes, cultural influences and consequences. Charleston, B., Gajewska-De Mattos, H. and Chapman, M., 2017. Cross-cultural competence in the context of NGOs: bridging the gap between ‘knowing’and ‘doing’. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, pp.1-25. Corkindale, D., 2015. A Wild Child goes overseas.  Marketing, p.421. Cramton, C.D. and Hinds, P.J., 2014. An embedded model of cultural adaptation in global teams. Organization Science, 25(4), pp.1056-1081. Cuddy, A.J., Wolf, E.B., Glick, P., Crotty, S., Chong, J. and Norton, M.I., 2015. Men as cultural ideals: Cultural values moderate gender stereotype content.  Journal of personality and social psychology,  109(4), pp.622-635. Davies, W., 2015. The International Business Environment: A Handbook for Managers and Executives. CRC Press. De Mooij, M., 2015. Cross-cultural research in international marketing: clearing up some of the confusion.  International Marketing Review,  32(6), pp.646-662. Dà ¼rr, S., Oehlhorn, C., Maier, C. and Laumer, S., 2016, June. A Literature Review on Enterprise Social Media Collaboration in Virtual Teams: Challenges, Determinants, Implications and Impacts. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGMIS Conference on Computers and People Research (pp. 113-122). ACM. Engelen, A., Schmidt, S., Strenger, L. and Brettel, M., 2014. Top management's transformational leader behaviors and innovation orientation: A cross-cultural perspective in eight countries.  Journal of International Management,  20(2), pp.124-136. Evanschitzky, H., Emrich, O., Sangtani, V., Ackfeldt, A.L., Reynolds, K.E. and Arnold, M.J., 2014. Hedonic shopping motivations in collectivistic and individualistic consumer cultures.  International journal of research in marketing,  31(3), pp.335-338. Geppert, M., Williams, K. and Wortmann, M., 2015. Micro-political game playing in Lidl: A comparison of store-level employment relations. European Journal of Industrial Relations, 21(3), pp.241-257. Gido, J. and Clements, J., 2014.  Successful project management. Nelson Education. Gooderham, P.N., Gooderham, P.N. and Grà ¸gaard, B., 2013.  International management: Theory and practice. Edward Elgar Publishing. Hoch, J.E. and Kozlowski, S.W., 2014. Leading virtual teams: Hierarchical leadership, structural supports, and shared team leadership. Journal of applied psychology, 99(3), p.390. Holgersson, C., 2013. Recruiting managing directors: Doing homosociality.  Gender, Work & Organization,  20(4), pp.454-466. Mach, M. and Baruch, Y., 2015. Team performance in cross cultural project teams: The moderated mediation role of consensus, heterogeneity, faultlines and trust. Cross Cultural Management, 22(3), pp.464-486. Metzger, K., 2014. International Management Analysis of ALDI. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014. Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.  Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Muenjohn, N. and Armstrong, A., 2015. Transformational leadership: The influence of culture on the leadership behaviours of expatriate managers.  international Journal of Business and information,  2(2). Nahavandi, A., 2016. The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. Ochieng, E.G., Price, A.D., Ruan, X., Egbu, C.O. and Moore, D., 2013. The effect of cross-cultural uncertainty and complexity within multicultural construction teams. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 20(3), pp.307-324. Pioch, E.A. and Gerhard, U., 2014. Organizational culture as differentiator in international retailing. The Service Industries Journal, 34(8), pp.729-749. Stahl, G.K. and Tung, R.L., 2015. Towards a more balanced treatment of culture in international business studies: The need for positive cross-cultural scholarship. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(4), pp.391-414. Tee, P.L.K., Goh, S.K. and Cheah, K.S.J., 2015. Cross-Cultural Challenges and Synergies Working in an International Collaboration Project. In Taylor’s 7th Teaching and Learning Conference 2014 Proceedings (pp. 67-79). Springer Singapore. Thomas, D.C. and Peterson, M.F., 2014. Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts. Sage Publications. Turrà ³, A., Urbano, D. and Peris-Ortiz, M., 2014. Culture and innovation: The moderating effect of cultural values on corporate entrepreneurship.  Technological Forecasting and Social Change,  88, pp.360-369. Verbeke, A., 2013. International business strategy. Cambridge University Press. Ward, V. (2015).  Aldi offers graduates a  £42k salary, rising to  £70k within four years, and an Audi A4. [online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/12075767/Aldi-offers-graduates-a-42k-salary-rising-to-70k-within-four-years-and-an-Audi-A4.html [Accessed 3 Feb. 2017]. Wurtz, O. and Suutari, V., 2014. Work–life balance and coping of international assignees.  The Routledge Companion to International Human Resource Management, p.363.